Psychology Paradigm Challenge

It’s weirdly harder to guess how two people will move together than it is to predict what one person will do alone.

March 23, 2026

Original Paper

Observers exhibit greater caution and faster evidence accumulation when identifying joint versus individual actions

Shaheed Azaad, Patric Bach, Anna Zamm, Natalie Sebanz

PsyArXiv · ybam3_v1

AI-generated illustration

The Takeaway

While we usually assume social cooperation makes behavior more reliable and predictable, our brains actually become more skeptical when watching pairs. Instead of using mental shortcuts to guess what happens next, the brain switches to a slower, more cautious 'wait-and-see' mode to process the extra sensory info of a joint task.

From the abstract

Coordination requires anticipating and adapting to others' actions in real time. While research has shown that observers predict others’ solo actions, little is known about how predictive processes change when observing joint actions. We tested whether, for joint actions, observers form (1) stronger predictions because they expect others to act more reliably due to social considerations (e.g., commitment), or (2) weaker predictions because they expect coordination to introduce additional sources